Examples of Bad Engineering in From the Earth to the Moon R.U.R. Metropolis & Transatlantic Tunnel essays

Instances of Bad Engineering in From the Earth to the Moon R.U.R. City and Transatlantic Tunnel articles Blueprint As per H. Bruce Franklin, sci-fi is the main writing equipped for investigating the large scale history of our species. . . in a inestimable setting (Science Fiction: The Early History, Internet) which proposes that man's place known to man is reliant upon unshakable logical examination and investigation. In any case, as an artistic/true to life classification, sci-fi can and frequently contains innovations, thoughts and hypotheses dependent on unadulterated hypothesis and pseudo-science. A portion of the gadgets also, instruments included in numerous well known sci-fi books and movies are basically considered through terrible designing, implying that these gadgets and instruments are not useful nor conceivable as indicated by present logical information. Out of the considerable number of books and movies composed and delivered inside the last one hundred and fifty years, four stand apart for their utilization of awful engineeringJules Verne's From the Earth to the Moon (1865), R.U.R. by Karel Capek (1921), Fritz Lang's Metropolis (1926) and Maurice Elvey's In the 1865 sci-fi exemplary From the Earth to the Moon, Jules Verne, the creator of other science fiction books, for example, Journey to the Focus of the Earth and 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, communicates his appreciation for everything American, particularly their creativity and want for investigation. In this novel, the purported adrenaline junkie Michel Ardan thinks of the astounding thought of sending a man to the moon by means of a spaceship that will be propelled from the barrel of an enormous firearm. This spaceship is to be made of aluminum, and to dispatch their shot at the appropriate point, the men associated with this plan pick a site in Florida close the present-day Cape Canaveral. As a preliminary investigation, Verne's space travelers send a feline and a squirrel into space first and afterward plan to ... <!

Diversity in Law Enforcement the Report Free Essays

The Everly Police Department is confronting an issue where there isn't an arrangement or strategy in which grievances from the recently framed Diversity Complaint Bureau can follow to determine the objections that are being submitted. Examination As of late a report was made open by the Minority Police Officers Organization in regards to the absence of assorted variety inside the Everly Police Department. Results point by point the reality the Everly Police Department is a male overwhelmed and paramilitary power and it has not made any strides so as to advance or praise it. We will compose a custom exposition test on Decent variety in Law Enforcement: the Report or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now Numbers show that most of all power individuals are white guys, with the minority being ladies, Hispanics, African-Americans and Asians. Since this report was made open the recently selected colleague superintendant of open for organization, Linda Michaelson, has been given the job of harm controller so as to invert the aftereffects of the report and show the open that the Everly Police Department is various and that they have the correct strategies set up for workers to present their objections with respect to assorted variety in the division. Linda began by defining an arrangement for another agency inside the Internal Affairs Bureau called Diversity Complaints. This arrangement was endorsed by both the superintendant and the city board and was placed energetically. The arrangement presented some wavering from both mid-level field-leaders and association agent as they felt as though somebody was continually going to be investigating their work and it was not affirmed into understandings by association authorities. The arrangement was placed without hesitation at any rate and end up being fruitful with 7 protests submitted inside the primary month. Grumblings are presented by structures which can be gotten to through an assortment of sources, including electronically (on-line) and printed copy (a duplicate sent to every worker, and found noticeably in all divisions). When a structure is finished, it is submitted by means of email or customary post. From a total proper grievance, an inner undertakings analyst would examine it and structure a sensible goals. Linda proposed that the completion goals of a grumbling could come as affectability preparing to workers or conceivable position excusal of representatives included. When a goals has been arrived at the griping representative would be reached. With seven grievances in a single month, assessed and examined, Linda and her kindred decent variety agency representatives had one more advance to take and that was to determine the objections in design wherein all gatherings included would be taught, should the grumbling be real after the protest was researched. This is the place Linda was baffled. Linda needs to figure a rule for the Diversity Bureau to follow once a protests examination is finished. The rules must be reasonable for the gatherings in question. Another issue is that every protest will be extraordinary so it is going to hard to set a goals for every single grumbling that might be submitted. Individual(s) Linda Michaelson has been with the Everly Police Department for a long time and was the key player really taking shape of the ‘Hostile Work Environment’ report and execution procedure of another agency inside the Internal Affairs Bureau called ‘Diversity Complaint’ inside the office. She like most began as a watch official and moved her way up into higher situations inside the division. As indicated by the case be that as it may, these climbs didn't come effectively without critism and judgment from different officials, as she was a female in a male overwhelmed field of work. Her positions have included being a watch official, a state funded school wellbeing official, a contact for the analyst authority and most as of late an associate director of police for organization. Linda’s father was a resigned sergeant with the Everly Police Department and consistently offered Linda guidance on the best way to conquer the predispositions of her sexual orientation in the division. He likewise was her most noteworthy supporter of following her fantasies to keep climbing. He offered guidance saying ‘to be the best at what she did’. As now the collaborator superintendant of police for organization, one of Linda’s jobs was to deal with the consequences of the as of late discharged report, paid for by the Minority Police Officers Organization, on the decent variety inside the Everly Police Department which returned as very harming to the power. Linda was informed that her activity was to do the harm control for the outcomes. Linda had the option to relate and respond to a portion of the objections being given and presented by individual division representatives as she also has been the dependent upon sex and lewd behavior in the workforce and has seen others be dependent upon the equivalent. Linda was affected by her dad to succeed and move higher in the power on the off chance that she wished to do as such. As lady in the male overwhelmed profession field she realized it would not be simple and her dad was the person who offered her guidance on the most proficient method to continue, particularly in the event that somebody held her up and disclosed to her she was unable to do it, or gave her troublesomely doing what she has needed. Linda realized that despite the fact that she was a lady, there was no activity inside the office that a man could show improvement over her. With these considerations she continued to go up and not letting anybody impede her. I accept that the Everly Police Department could have in fact stayed away from the circumstance in which they have now wound up in. Should the Everly Police Department had accomplished something, regardless of whether it be their own examination, changes with time and the changing workforce in their in existing arrangements and methods for protests, they would not be in such a notoriety harming circumstance. With the new arrangement and usage of a Diversity Complaint authority inside the Internal Affairs Bureau, Linda would like to accomplish a simpler, progressively compelling and believing path for representatives to have their objections and inclinations heard. She additionally wishes to accomplish viable approaches to react and moves to make when managing the protests; a way that the occurrences will be settled and a way that will guarantee that they won't occur once more. Linda can legitimize feeling the manner in which she does about the need of this new authority to be shaped in the Everly Police Department as she has been the subject direct to work environment provocation and the aversion that numerous individuals feel when submitting a question to the superintendant or endorser. Linda’s enthusiasm to make an assorted variety grievance agency that all representatives can present a complaint(s) to without judgment and dread of the protest being tossed out or not settled is a lot of present. This new pursuit will make all workers, minority or greater part, feel much increasingly agreeable and place more trust on the association ought to there be a strategy wherein results and suggestions are being made. I don't accept that there is another clarification for the present circumstance wherein the Everly Police Department is in. They obviously have an issue of debasement in the protests office that has now made representatives terrified, restless and awkward at their work environment, which is plainly not worthy. Until this time, there was no discussion of attempting to fix the issues that they have concerning decent variety inside the association or the arrangements and strategies for workers to follow to submit protests. Association The Everly Police Department has wound up to now have an awful open picture and awful notoriety for being un-differentiated. The office never willingly volunteered to investigate and recruit an outside source to examine the decent variety inside the office. Presently, an outside association called the Minority Police Officers Organization has finished that task and has discharged the outcomes to people in general through numerous media sources. In having these outcomes distributed serious harm has been done to the division. It demonstrates them to be a male commanded, paramilitary association, in which has no capacity to incorporate minorities. The division has likewise never considered the re-vamping or the new formation of a path for workers to submit grumblings in certainty, realizing that activity will be reached and not tossed out in view of defilement inside the objection procedure. The division may have likewise wound up to be in this problem as they have never moved toward workers on the conditions of the program that they have set up now. They don't have the foggiest idea how workers feel about the procedures that are set up now and whether representatives are feeling that the protests are as a rule enough settled and are not reoccurring. Inside the Everly Police Department there has been no ongoing change in the strategies and systems that workers must take to present a grumbling. For quite a long time grievances were to be submitted to the superintendant or to an association agent. They at that point were assume to take the objections and resolve the current issue. Ordinarily, as expressed for the situation, these grumblings were ignored as the administrator or association delegate said that the objection was not genuine and that the more seasoned representatives are as yet holding fast to approaches from 20 years prior, the one that they were utilized to. The outside condition is pushing the Everly Police Department to transform it esteems. The division is stuck on values that were built up 20 or more years back. The age that is currently being utilized is an age that needs esteems where everybody is acknowledged, where there is no segregation in the employing procedure, and where badgering among associates in any structure isn't endured. In today society numerous individuals everything being equal, ethnic foundations, and religions are entering the workforce and are resolved to be treated as an equivalent. There is no clarification or motivation behind why they ought not be, they are equivalent to every other person and can perf

Understanding Vygotskys Social Development Theory

Understanding Vygotsky’s Social Development Theory Man is a social being. This basically means that he is unable to survive and thrive on his own, because it is in his makeup and nature to be with others â€" to interact with them, connect with them, and even develop relationships. This nature of his is what leads him to seek a sense of belonging, and partake of society.Aristotle even quoted, “Man is by nature a social animal,” and that “society is something that precedes the individual.” The implication behind his words is that, anyone who is unable to naturally act socially is not human. This has been interpreted in several ways, and one of these interpretations equate humanity to the need to connect and interact with others in a social setting.Several other notable thinkers came forward even long after the Greek philosopher had passed on, each with their own theories on human development and how the social factor figures into it. Their social learning theories have become the foundation of several disciplines and fields of study in psychology.One of the most oft-discussed fields is cognitive development, which refers to the development of a person from infancy and childhood, through adolescence and adulthood, in terms of his thought processes, problem-solving, and decision-making. © Shutterstock.com | Rawpixel.comOne of these thinkers was Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky, whose major contributions were his theories on social learning and how it impacts the development of a child. His thoughts and ideas on the subject were embodied in what is now known as the Social Development Theory.THE SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT THEORYVygotsky’s name may not be as recognizable as, say, Piaget, Pavlov and Freud, who were his peers when he developed his theory, but ask anyone studying psychology and they are bound to know who he is. He may have died at the relatively young age of 37 in 1934, and it may have taken around 4 decades before his ideas were formally introduced and incorporated in psychology curricula across universities in the Western world, but they have since become integral to the study of psychology, particularly in the field of educational and early childhood psychology.Among his contemporaries, the one whose theories were scrutinized closely in comparison with Vyg otsky’s was Jean Piaget, a Swiss child psychologist that came up with his Theory of Cognitive Development. We will try to point out the differences between these two psychologists’ works as we move on with the discussion.Vygotsky’s Social Development Theory, or SDT, introduced two major principles:Cognitive development is limited up to a certain extent or within a certain range, at any given age of the individual; andAn individual’s full cognitive development requires social interaction.These principles are encapsulated in three theories or themes: Social Interaction, The More Knowledgeable Other (MKO) and the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD).I. Social InteractionKey concept #1 Social interaction plays a central role in cognitive development.It is ingrained in every individual, even as a child, to seek meaning in everything. Curiosity sets in early on during childhood, and you probably noticed how, even from a very young age, a person starts asking questions. He will be lo oking around, wide-eyed, wonder and interest in his observant eyes. It is safe to say that the individual has started the process of looking for or “making meaning”. And, in order to find or make that meaning, he has to look around him, be involved, and play an active role on the “road to discovery”.Cognitive â€" and human â€" development, according to Vygotsky, is a result of a “dynamic” interaction between the individual and the society. This dynamic relationship denotes a relationship of mutuality between the two. Just as society has an impact on the individual, the individual also has an impact on society.Children are unable to learn and develop if they are removed from society, or are forbidden to interact with it. Take a look at the typical development of a child: his first teachers were his parents, who taught him his first words and guided him as he took his first steps, or as he went “potty”. On play dates, he learned how to play with other kids his age, and slowly built a bond with one or two kids that he ended up being the closest to.On the first day of school, he met his teacher, and several other teachers in the following years. The process of learning also required him to work closely with other people besides his teachers, such as older students and classmates.Through these social learning experiences, he was able to gradually develop and grow. And that brings us to the next concept of the Social Interaction. Key concept #2 Social learning precedes development.Vygotsky claims that a child will not be able to develop unless he undergoes or experiences social learning first. He identified two areas, or levels, where the functions in a child’s cultural development, appear in:Social level, or interpsychological. The functions first appear between individuals first. This is where the person will have to interact, connect and reach out to other people. This is the level where social learning takes place.Individual level, or intrapsyc hological. This is the area within the child or the individual. Once he has passed the social level, where he acquired social learnings, the functions will appear a second time and, this time, more developed and thus, leading to cognitive development.To put it plainly, without learning, there is no way that that individual will be able to function and become fully developed.However, that does not mean that people are born with absolutely zero abilities. Vygotsky is quick to point out that everyone is born with basic or elementary functions or abilities that will get them started on the road to their intellectual development.The elementary mental functions include those that come by naturally with birth and growth, without influence by an external stimulus. In other words, these capacities are not learned, involuntary, and often do not really require any thought on the part of the individual. Vygotsky even went so far as saying that most of these elementary mental functions are acqui red by a child through geneticsExamples of elementary or lower mental functions (LMFs) are:Sensation. A child does not need to be taught that something is hot, cold, sweet, or bitter. His senses are will automatically deliver those messages to his brain, so he can react accordingly.Hunger. There are bodily processes that are beyond a person’s control, and one of them is hunger. When an infant is hungry, he is hungry, and so he will show it by crying or acting restless. He does not need to be told that he is hungry since his body will manifest the fact.Memory. To be more specific, natural or unmediated memory. Young children are able to immediately commit things to memory in a natural manner. A baby will instantly recognize the sound of his mother’s voice, or the taste of baby food. But that’s it. He won’t necessarily be able to associate â€" or subsequently recognize any association â€" the sound of his mother’s voice to those times that she sung him a lullaby to sleep, an d he isn’t likely to identify that baby food to be the one that he really likes to eat.As the child grows older, and as his social learning increased through more social interactions, his elementary mental functions evolved into his “higher mental functions” or HMF. Unlike elementary mental functions, they are stimulated. They are taught, and they are learned in social settings or environments, and they often come with social meanings.The given examples include:Language. As a child develops, so does his capacity for languages. The need to communicate to people around him â€" whether to express his discontent about something or to inform his parents that he is hungry or he has to go potty â€" will spur the need to learn languages. As he grows older and undergoes a multitude of other social processes, language learning will also advance, as well as his thought processes.Memory. This refers to what comes after the child has gone past the natural memory stage. This time, his memor y can be cultivated and controlled, and he now has access to memory aids and tools. He is now able to make the relevant associations, and he can pick the things that he deems must be memorized, using these tools. Examples of these so-called tools of intellectual adaptation, or tools that allow children to use their elementary mental functions more effectively, include mind maps, memory mnemonics, note-taking, and other visual cues and aids.Voluntary attention. You may have heard toddlers and small children being described as having short attention span. That is because, at that age, their thought processes aren’t stable enough to sustain concentration on one particular object or thought. Sure, they can focus on one thing at one time, but they won’t really know what to do with that ability, and so they turn on to something else. Social learnings will arm the child with the ability of focus and concentration, and the ability to figure out what to do with it. He gets to decide whic h objects, actions or thoughts to focus on. Full cognitive development means that, eventually, he will be capable of selective or focused attention and shared or divided attention, and sustain it.Perception. Through sensing, a child is able to recognize a sensory stimuli… but it ends there. His lack of perception skills will render him unable to interpret the meaning or significance behind it. Social interactions help the child’s level of perception, increasing his awareness and capacity to understand why things are as they are.The learning that Vygotsky referred to does not point to a specific type or standard, because he also acknowledged how cultural differences can cause variability when it comes to learning and how culture, in general, is influential and powerful in shaping or molding one’s cognition.Key concept #3 Language accelerates cognitive development.It is a given that language is very important in any social interaction, since it is the primary medium of communica tion in any social setting. But that is not the only reason why language plays a very important role in an individual’s cognitive development.First, let us take a look at the three stages of speech development, according to Vygotsky.Stage 1 â€" Social or External SpeechThis covers the preverbal stage, usually under the age of three, when the child is still unable to transcribe his thoughts in complete thought messages. His thoughts are pretty simple, and his emotions basic, and there is no intellectual or thinking exercise involved.However, despite that, he still wants to be able to control others’ behaviors. Therefore, he makes use of his limited speech to express simple thoughts of hunger, pleasure, displeasure, satisfaction and dissatisfaction through crying, laughing, shouting, and gurgling. As he advances in age, he will start to use what we call “baby-speak”, with phrases such as “Want milk” and “Go potty”.Stage 2 â€" Egocentric Speech If, in the first stage, t he purpose of the child’s speech is to control the behavior of other people, the egocentric speech in the second stage is spoken as a way for the child to direct his own behavior.This is usually demonstrated between the ages of 3 and 7, when the child starts to enunciate words more clearly and form more complete sentences, with more sense or thought. They practice this by talking out loud to themselves. It is actually normal behavior for them at this stage to do things, even the simple act of playing with a train set, with a running commentary of every little thing that they are doing.Stage 3 â€" Inner SpeechThe final speech development stage takes place once the child becomes older and starts growing toward adulthood, and he is able to use it to direct both his thinking and the resulting behavior or action. This does not require his thoughts to be voiced out loud, with all thinking processes done in his head. He can do mental calculations in his head, analyze a situation from all angles without saying a single word, and form an opinion without verbalizing his arguments.It is during this stage that the individual is now able to engage in all the other higher mental functions.Language involves speech â€" both its expression and comprehension. The two-way nature of communication requires that the language must be expressed or delivered, and it must also be understood. When expressed differently, or even erroneously, the recipient will receive a different meaning.This essentially means that language can dictate the way people look at things, and how they process information. It is powerful enough to have an impact on the rate or speed of cognitive development, given how it is connected or related to the other cognitive functions. For example, language can affect how a person perceives something. A country with a culture that recognizes only the primary colors and are unaware of the color called “champagne” is likely to perceive the hue as simply “a shade of pink”.In the same manner that an individual is more motivated to memorize something that is in a language he understands, and ignore one that is expressed in a language that is completely foreign to him.Learn about the benefits of a bilangual brain in the following video. Key concept #4 Self-initiated discovery and collaborative dialogue aid in a child’s cognitive development.According to Jean Piaget, the inherent curiosity of young children pushes them to be actively involved in their learning, and motivate them to discover and explore new things by themselves. They are the ones to actively initiate the discovery and development process. For Piaget, this is self-initiated and hands-on approach in discovery learning is the best way for children to learn.Vygotsky agrees mostly with Piaget, except for the last part. He postulated that the social and cultural settings that children’s activities take place in requires social interaction and communication, and that the children learn best through these social interactions. They acquire knowledge and hone skills through these interactions, as well as the culture surrounding them, and these ultimately shape their cognition.Through the concept of “cooperative or collaborative dialogue”, a child may learn his first words, the alphabet, his first nursery rhyme and how to count from 1 to 10 from his parents. As he grows older, he will be interacting with tutors and teachers, who are likely to provide verbal instructions and model or demonstrate behavior that will, consequently, guide him.II. The More Knowledgeable Other (MKO)Meet the MKO, a person with a better understanding and considerably higher or superior level of ability, skill or knowledge about a particular subject, task or process, than the person who is attempting to learn (also called the learner).It is common sense, really. Why would you seek to learn from someone who knows less than you?The MKO often comes in the person of a teacher, a superior at work, or a peer with more experience. There are instances when he could be someone younger, but with more cultivated knowledge and skill.   In this digital age, the MKO may even be a computer or any intelligent machine. In the eyes of a child, adults are the MKOs.Take, for example, a father and his little boy headed to their backyard to play catch. He happens to know how to play baseball, and he plans to teach his boy the basics while he is still young. In this case, the MKO is the father, by virtue of his adult status and his knowledge and skills in the sport.Twenty years later, the son is now a professional baseball player, and his father has just retired. Before a major game, the son hands his father the latest, most advanced camcorder model, so he can film the game from his VIP seat. He sits down with his father and teaches him how to operate the camcorder. This time, the MKO is the son, since he is more knowledgeable about the device.To prepare for the game, the son had to l eave, but before doing so, he downloaded an app on his father’s cell phone that will guide him further on how to work the camcorder. The father was then left exploring the features of the camcorder, using the voice prompts from the app on his phone. The MKO is now the electronic device, his cell phone.While learning and discovery that is self-initiated is effective, learning becomes more productive and contributory to cognitive development when acquired from an MKO.The concept of the MKO is seen to always go together with his other concept, that of the Zone of Proximal Development.III. The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)Imagine a circle divided into three rings. The inner circle or ring represents what the child already knows, while the third, outermost circle or rings represents what he still does not know. Or we could use the inner circle to include those that the child can achieve or discover on his own. The outermost circle or ring includes those that he cannot achieve or d iscover independently, but can only do so with the help or guidance of someone who is more skilled or knowledgeable.What about the second, or middle circle?That gap, or that empty area between the inner and outer circles, is the Zone of Proximal Development. That is where the learning will take place.Vygotsky said that the ZPD is where the child will be given the most sensitive instruction or guidance, coupled with a lot of encouragement, from the MKO. Take note that the words used were “instruction” and “guidance”, as opposed to outright “full assistance”. This is because the MKO will provide just the right amount of guidance, and then allow the child to learn and develop his skills. By letting him do it independently, the MKO will help the child develop his higher mental functions faster, thereby speeding up cognition.Let us go back to the father and son example. The first few times, the father taught his son how to catch and throw the ball, holding his hand, teaching how to grip, pull back, and throw. After showing how it’s done several times, he will step back and let his son do it on his own. From time to time, he will give pointers and corrections but, for the most part, he let his son practice on his own.He did the same thing when teaching the other skills. Soon, the son learned how to figure things out on his own, so he starts practicing how to play ball by himself, not asking for help from his father unless absolutely necessary.When the son gave his father the camcorder, he showed him how to turn it on, and what buttons to push to record, zoom in, zoom out, pause, and other key features. Then he handed it over to his father, who practiced what he was just taught.Learning in the ZPD, as mentioned earlier, is facilitated with the help of an MKO, which is precisely why we said that these two often go together. The learning process, in itself, is a social interaction, which could be done directly or indirectly (with the use of technology, pe rhaps), between the learner and the MKO, who can be a teacher, professor, coach, mentor, or any older adult, or a peer or even someone younger, who happens to be more skillful, experienced, or knowledgeable in the area, subject or discipline that is being learned.CONCLUSIONWith so many psychological school of thoughts on cognitive development introduced, it came as no surprise that some concepts in Vygotsky’s Social Development Theory are being questioned. Still, no one can deny the influence of his theories, and how they are widely accepted and applied in the field of education, particularly early childhood education.

Descriptive vs Normative Statements - 1298 Words

Question 1 To explain the distinction between Descriptive and Normative Statements one first has to understand the difference between Descriptive and Normative Ethics. Descriptive ethics primarily describes people’s moral beliefs, claims and behaviors. This form of ethics is studied primarily by psychologist, sociologist and anthropologist. With Normative ethics we deal with the attempt to discover what actions are in fact right or wrong, good or bad and what it takes to be a moral or immoral person. This area of ethics is studied more by philosophers and theologist. To simplify, Descriptive statements are statements about what is; while Normative statements are statements about what ought to be. When we describe what people believe†¦show more content†¦However, one definition is that laws are a system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through social institutions to govern behavior. By this definition we can already see why the study of ethics and laws should not be intertwined. The smoking gun in this claim is the statement, â€Å"guidelines which are enforced through social institutions to govern behavior†. We see that the words social institutions are used. A social institution is nothing more thanShow MoreRelatedDeontological Moral Systems : Ethics1532 Words   |  7 Pagesthat no complete account of the universe is possible without reference to final causes...the principle of intrinsic finality which, according to Aristotle and St. Thomas, is primary, while extrinsic finality is derived and secondary. Aristotle s statement that nature adapts the organ to the function, and not the function to the organ... But, If organs are so many mechanisms, it remains to be indicated how these mechanisms were organized. If appeal is made to evolution, it must be remembered thatRead MoreJob Satisfaction And Organizational Commitment1669 Words   |  7 Pagesinfluence on satisfaction, dissatisfaction, and commitment. A self-administered survey that included both structured and open-ended questions was more convenient to administer and compare the level of satisfaction among primary care providers. The Job Descriptive Index (JDI) became very useful to measure different dimensions of job satisfaction in the company of PA faculty members. Keywords: job satisfaction, work motivation, work environment INTRODUCTION Job satisfaction has been definedRead MoreEgoism And Ethical Egoism1291 Words   |  6 PagesPsychological Egoism states that human actions are based on self-interest, even if the action appears to be selfless. It is a theory that all human actions are aimed at avoiding some personal loss or gaining some personal benefit. Psychological egoism is a descriptive theory about how we do behave; it does not tell us how we ought to behave. This theory has goals that are our Strongest Desires, Expected Benefit, and avoiding Misery. We always do what we most want to do and we do what makes us feel good. Altruism†¦Read MoreThe principle of right or wrong2773 Words   |  12 Pagestheoretical meaning and reference of moral propositions and how their truth-values (if any) may be determined; Normative ethics, about the practical means of determining a moral course of action; Applied ethics, about how moral outcomes can be achieved in specific situations; Moral psychology, about how moral capacity or moral agency develops and what its nature is; and Descriptive ethics, about what moral values people actually abide by. may be defined as the actions an individual takes onRead More Explanation, Understanding, and Subjectivity Essay3357 Words   |  14 Pagesunderstanding. One can get a sense of understanding from an account that is not wholly true. Genuine understanding can come only from a genuine explanation. By contrast, the sense of understanding one gets from a potential explanation containing false statements is not genuine. We can refer to it as sham understanding. At this point, the distinction between genuine understanding and sham understanding depends entirely on the distinction between a true explanation and a merely potential explanation. It isRead MorePositive Accounting Theory2425 Words   |  10 PagesCompare and contrast normative and positive accounting approaches: Definition of PAT: Watts and Zimmerman (1986) defined Pat as a theory that seeks to explain and predicts particular phenomenon. It is concerned with explaining accounting practice. The three basic hypotheses as outlined by Watts and Zimmerman (1978) underlying PAT are: 1. Bonus plan hypothesis: The bonus plan hypothesis is that managers of firms with bonus plans are more likely to use accounting methods that increase current periodRead More Thoughts on a Possible Rational Reconstruction of the Method of3257 Words   |  14 Pagesanalytic philosophy. Nevertheless, we encounter-even if only in a very few specific publications-a vague image of it. This is due on the one hand to the problem of the intentions of application, i.e., of the normativity of rational reconstruction (descriptive/prescriptive-ambivalence). It is also due on the other hand to the problem of the significance of the method in the field of history of philosophy (systematic/historical-dichotomy). The varied usage within analytic philosophy, as well as the increasinglyRead MoreSoc 108 Exam 1 Study Guide Essay2442 Words   |  10 Pagesresearch theoretical rather than philosophical or normative talking abt what is rather than what should be deals with social regularities *it is probabilistic and contingent patterns of behaviors aggregates rather than individuals categories of ppl; not specific individuals â€Å"aims† to generalize systematic research ques plan going into the research empirically based: actual evidence Purposes of social science research (Pure/Basic research vs. applied) basic -- is done to learn somethingRead MoreEvolution of Accounting Thought6174 Words   |  25 Pagesstate level and the individual citizen level, records in great detail were kept relating to all manner of things: public works, running the army, affairs of state, personal estates. It is likely that this record-keeping activity was not merely descriptive of events which had occurred. The information was likely used for budgeting, that is, for planning and control purposes. Throughout the Dark and the Middle Ages (up until about the year 1300), ‘accounting’ did not evolve. There were no pressuresRead MoreFactor Affecting People Investing in Mutual Fund7240 Words   |  29 PagesChapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Background 1 1.2.1 Benefits of Unit Trust Scheme 2 1.2.2 Disadvantages of Unit Trust Scheme 3 1.2.3 Types of Unit Trust Funds 4 1.2.4 Growth of Mutual Fund in Malaysia 6 1.3 Problem Statement 8 1.4 Research Objectives 10 1.5 Research Question 10 1.6 Definition of Key Terms 11 ii 1.6.1 Mutual Fund / Unit Trust Fund 1.6.2 11 Federation of Malaysia Unit Trust Managers (FMUTM) 12 1.6.3 Net Asset Value (NAV) 12 1.6.4

What Are The Costs Of Domestic Violence - 996 Words

What are the costs of domestic violence? A United Nations report called â€Å"The Economic Costs of Violence Against Women: An Evaluation of the Literature† explores the economic impact on societies. The cost of domestic violence includes direct costs such as medical services, law enforcement, legal expenses, incarceration costs, mental health services, therapy, education and lost property. Social services, government programs and welfare add additional financial burden to the problem. Businesses experience a loss of productivity when people are absent due to injury, incarceration or court (United Nations 6). A 2014 study spearheaded by Jamie Kimble Foundation for Courage aimed to assign a comprehensive cost to the domestic violence problem in North Carolina. Their study concluded that domestic violence costs North Carolina $307,856,298 every year (1). The economic breakdown is shown below: Fig 1.3 Annual Cost of Domestic Violence in North Carolina. (Source: Jamie Kimble Foundation for Courage) It doesn’t end there. There are many indirect connections and tertiary expenses that are often left out of the equation. Workplaces, police departments, government agencies, the military, education systems, medical staff, and private businesses all have training programs in place to deal with domestic violence. Not only does the training itself cost money, but also we reduce productivity when we to take the time and personnel to complete training (Byers). Studies have shown thatShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Public Health Of Domestic Violence847 Words   |  4 PagesThe impact of public health of Domestic Violence in United States. The violence against women is a global health problem of epidemic and unpreventable circumstances. Domestic violence doesn’t have a controlled policy because it can extend into the society with devastating effects on its victims and costs that ripple across the economy. The two major reasons that the issue are being addressed by policy are not enforced in actions. First reason is that every 9 seconds in the US a woman is assaultedRead MoreThe Cost Of Domestic Violence1662 Words   |  7 PagesCenteria Cooley Sociology 101 Professor Nelms 20 November 2015 The Cost of Domestic Violence in America â€Å"Just because the scare have healed, doesn’t mean the pain has.† –healthyplace.com Domestic violence is a pattern of behavior used to exhibit control over another person through fear and intimidation by threat, force, or use of violence in intimate relationships. This issue has been an overlooked problem in American society for ages however as it becomes mainstream time and time again and theRead MoreDomestic Violence And Its Effects971 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Domestic violence can happen to anyone, regardless of race, age, sexual orientation, religion, or gender.†(Domestic Violence. U.S.) While signs of physical abuse can be seen if the victim has visible bruises, there are other forms of domestic violence that are often missed or overlooked. Victims often live in fear and sadly many times, they fear the person they love the most. It has been proven that at least three women are killed a day by their significant other due to domestic violence, in mostRead MoreIntimate Partner Violence And Domestic Violence1728 Words   |  7 Pagespartner violence (IPV ) which falls into the category of domestic violence, is an epidemic among individuals in every community affecting twelve million men and women each year. IPV has no discrimination when it comes to characteristics of the victims. Although victims of IPV are predominately female, men are just as capable of becoming victims as well. The term intimate partner violence describes physical, sexual, or psychological harm by a current or former partner (CDC, 2015). Such violence does notRead MoreDomestic Violence And Its Effects992 Words   |  4 Pages Domestic Violence â€Å"Domestic violence can happen to anyone regardless of race, age, sexual orientation, religion, or gender.†( Domestic Violence. U.S.) While signs of physical abuse can be seen if the victim has visible bruises, there are other forms of domestic violence that are often missed or overlooked. Victims often live in fear and sadly many times, they fear the person that they love. It has been proven that at least three women are killed a day by their significant other in forms of domesticRead MoreTheoretical Framework on Domestic Violence1416 Words   |  6 PagesTheoretical Framework on Domestic Violence Theoretical Framework Domestic Violence among Women and Children A Theoretical Framework are theories that is formulated to explain, predict, and understand phenomena and, in many cases, to challenge and extend existing knowledge, within the limits of the critical bounding assumptions. The theoretical framework is the structure that can hold or support a theory of a research study. The theoretical framework introduces and describes the theory which explainsRead MoreDomestic Violence : An Individual Crisis815 Words   |  4 PagesDomestic violence is not merely an individual crisis, but a social crisis. â€Å"Domestic violence is a burden on numerous sectors of the social system and quietly, yet dramatically, affects the development of a nation. Batterers cost nations fortunes in terms of law enforcement, health care, lost labor and general progress in development. These costs do not only affect the present generation; what begins as an assault by one person on another, reverberates through the family and the community into theRead MoreIntimate Partner Violence And Domestic Violence1300 Words   |  6 Pagespartner violence (IPV) which falls into the category of domestic violence is an epidemic among individuals in every community affecting twelve million men and women each year. IPV has no discrimination when it comes to characteristics of the victims. Although victims of IPV are predominately female, men are just as capable of becoming victims as well. The term intimate partner violence describes physical, sexual, or psychological harm by a current or former partner (CDC, 2015). Such violence does notRead MoreMy Interest Of Study Society1154 Words   |  5 Pagesin the same way. Although our way to survive these problems can differ according to our culture, personal experiences and ability to cope, we can affirm that we have a common need to first understand what these difficulties or problems are, in order to learn how to deal with them. Domestic Violence can be view—using Mill’s conceptual vocabulary introduced in his article, as both a personal trouble and a public issue. Individuals make daily choices every day, but their choices are inhibited by theirRead MoreDomestic Violence And Immigrant Women1274 Words   |  6 PagesThe student documentary video regarding domestic violence and immigrant women highlighted a significant health and a human right problem all over the world. Violence is defined by the World Health Organization as the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, which either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, male-development, or deprivation† (WHO 2002:4). According

Special Needs Prisoner Free Essays

Special Needs Prisoner David Thompson University of Phoenix Special Needs Prisoner The American penal system is comprised of every element of society imaginable. There are people from all walks of life being held in one prison or another across our great country for crimes they’ve committed or allegedly committed against mankind. Be it at the state, federal or county level, the U. We will write a custom essay sample on Special Needs Prisoner or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. prison system does not discriminate with regards to those who are physically challenged. Be it a prisoner who is mentally challenged or one whom is confined to a wheelchair, if they have committed a crime and are found guilty of such, they will be sentenced to facility that under most circumstances are equipped to handle prisoners with special needs. Take for example the criminally insane or those suffering with various kinds of mental illness: Round about 1955 the number of mental institution experienced a drawdown of types, in that they were not building any new facilities, despite the fact that approximately forty of the existing one’s had been shut down or were scheduled to be shut down. This change prompted the prison system to take over the role of caring for mentally ill inmates. As more and more prisons grew so did the role of the prison system to care for the influx of the special needs prisoners. Prisons were able to house and care for some 45,000 prisoners including those who were mentally ill, compared to that of a mental institutions ability to house some 3000 in a mental hospital. Perhaps one of the biggest drawback or downfalls related to this concept is that of the ability to rehabilitate the mentally ill. Because the prison system was/is not geared for actions such as this, many of those who are diagnosed with a mental illness usually find themselves serving their time, only to return to confinement a few years later, due to the prison systems inability to adequately treat and card for their sickness. But let’s not throw this all on the prison system, as the private sector has just as much responsibility for this shortfall/s as does the penal system. Many communities simply do not have the funds necessary to open and operated programs to take care of the mentally ill. For those that do have something in place to combat the problem, their efforts seem to fall far short of the need. There seems to be far more people in need of help than the help that is available, and the more we look into the problem the more we see that this is not just limited to adult men and women, but children as well. The end result of which is the criminally insane sometimes find themselves back on the streets, as does many of the mentally ill. While incarceration may be somewhat more difficult on someone with a mental illness, prison officials try and combat this by housing the mentally ill in separate wards, to reduce violence, combat stress, and maintain order. Prison officials today try and provide specialized training and equipped to those who work with the mentally ill. Although improvements have been made, there is still much to accomplish as some patients do not transition well into some of the rehabilitation programs made available to them; for example the Drug and Alcohol program, many officials think that mentally ill patients can and does usually become extremely disruptive, during counseling sessions, which causes setbacks and limits the progress of others. Therefore, many of the disable, mentally ill, or otherwise hard to reach inmates/patients are turned away from rehabilitative parts of the program built around small group settings. Honestly speaking, there is very little room for care of the mentally ill within the prison system, as few places are equipped with the staff and specialist needed to care for these special patients. Try as we may, we can’t effectively make the connection needed to make a difference in these individuals lives. Not to mention the attitude/s the outside community takes towards those suffering with mental handicaps. The lack of compassion, care and concern towards these less fortunate individuals does little to help the situation inside or outside prison walls, as we’re all struggling to make the best of a bad situation. We must stay focused and be extremely flexible as we seek to make changes in this area, in particular in that every failure has the potential to have widespread affects on everyone, including the department, and the community into which some of these people may be released. Taking a lackluster attitude towards helping these people rebuild their lives simply will not work. We must be committed to the care of prisons with special needs just as if they were able to afford whatever treatment is available. Combating mental illness is not easy, but in most cases it can be done. References: The Sentencing Project (Washington, DC), (2002), Mentally Ill Offenders in the Criminal Justice System: An Analysis and Prescription, John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation http://nicic. gov/Libary/017558 How to cite Special Needs Prisoner, Essay examples

Never Too Young to Be Beautiful Essay Example

Never Too Young to Be Beautiful? Paper Imagine a girl strutting across a stage in high heels, short skirt, and tank top. Makeup airbrushed onto her smooth, spray-tanned face, red lipstick, and cascading blond curls make her look like a Barbie doll. She starts dancing to risque music in a promiscuous way. Would you believe that this girl is only two-years-old? Would you be shocked to know that she has been acting and dressing this way since she was a baby? Many young girls are subjected by their parents to act and dress this way to compete against other girls to win money and other prizes. These girls start in pageants at only a few days old and sometimes keep entering pageants into adult-hood. Others still are â€Å"retired† from pageants to pursue modeling at as young as six-years-old. It is widely accepted that materialism, vanity, and â€Å"skinny equals pretty† ideas go against moral codes. It is also universally accepted that children should be allowed to enjoy a care-free childhood full of fun and learning; not the pressure of winning a crown, money for their parents, and looking like a doll. The TLC reality show, â€Å"Toddlers Tiaras,† is a good representation of why children’s beauty pageants are wrong because it shows that the pageants teach materialism and vanity, promote â€Å"skinny equals pretty,† and force girls to grow up too quickly which are all poor characteristics to enforce on young girls just for prizes and titles. Children’s beauty pageants are wrong because they teach materialism and vanity at an extremely early age. In season four of â€Å"Toddlers Tiaras,† three-year-old Olivia showed just how materialistic and spoiled a pageant makes young girls. We will write a custom essay sample on Never Too Young to Be Beautiful? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Never Too Young to Be Beautiful? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Never Too Young to Be Beautiful? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Not only does she smart off to her mother, Karey, without consequence frequently, but she is quoted in one episode for shouting, â€Å"I want the crown! † Karey told TLC that â€Å"Olivia has only been in four or five pageants, but now we better leave with a crown or she’s gonna have a meltdown. † Instead of punishing her child for that sort of behavior, Karey instead feels that she needs to give her everything that she wants in order to keep her from getting angry or aggressive. The point of a pageant is to win a shiny crown, money, and other prizes. Putting a young girl like Olivia through pageants that force competition for material items could only result in the spoiled attitude Karey receives from her daughter. According to some body image experts, these children that are subjected to the pageants will eventually become obsessed with their body image, making them more likely to develop eating disorders and desire plastic surgery. â€Å"‘You see a high rate of dissatisfaction with their looks when they are older,’ says Dr. Martina Cartwright, a psychologist and nutritionist who has worked with professional dancers. There are unrealistic expectations to be perfect. They strive to be flawless, and they can take that too far’ (Triggs). While the general image of a beautiful girl is one who embraces her flaws and is beautiful because of them, the idea of beauty pageants is to make little girls perfect. Along with airbrush makeup, girls wear wigs and hair pieces from as young of an age as one year. Not only do they wear makeup, wigs, hair pieces, and get spray tans, but their parents buy things called â€Å"flippers. † Flippers are dental prosthetics that cover up gaps in teeth left by missing baby teeth (Hollandsworth). These things are teaching girls from an extremely young age that beauty is entirely external and that one is only beautiful when flawless. If there are flaws on a pageant girl’s body, she is taught to repair the flaws with surgery, faux teeth, and other vanities instead of recognizing her flaws and being proud of them. Learning this from a young age causes girls to grow up extremely self-conscious. â€Å"Skinny equals pretty† ideas are another basis of the immoral function children’s beauty pageants hold. They are the ideas of women who firmly believe that one must be size 0 to be beautiful. These ideas are endorsed by many ad campaigns for anything from fashion and makeup to beer and cars. In another episode of â€Å"Toddlers Tiaras,† eleven-year-old Sydney tries on her dress for an upcoming pageant. Her mother, Marlo, tightens a corset lace in the back of the dress to the point that Sydney can barely breathe. When she complains about the lack of air-flow, Marlo merely says, â€Å"It doesn’t matter if you can breathe or not; it only matters if you look beautiful! According to research done on the connection between children’s beauty pageants and eating disorders in the summer of 2005, â€Å"Of the 131 females who participated in beauty pageant contests, 48. 5% reported a desire to be thinner, 57% stated they were trying to lose weight, and 26% had been told or were believed to have an eating disorder† (Wonderlich). The media have told people for many gen erations that in order to be beautiful, one must be skinny. These pressures to be skinny that the media have placed on society have forced many females, young and old, into eating disorders. It is estimated that seven million American women and one million American men are currently suffering from an eating disorder. Not only do the eating disorders caused by low self-esteem make one extremely unhealthy, they are known to have the highest mortality rate among mental illnesses. â€Å"A study by the National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders reported that 5 – 10% of anorexics die within 10 years after contracting the disease; 18-20% of anorexics will be dead after 20 years and only 30 – 40% ever fully recover. The mortality rate associated with anorexia nervosa is 12 times higher than the death rate of ALL causes of death for females 15 – 24 years old (South Carolina Department of Mental Health). † With all of this risk of death by eating disorders for young women and men, it is easy to blame the media for stereotyping â€Å"beauty. † However, these beauty pageants that have been in many children’s lives for years cause many of the self-esteem issues that end in these deadly eating disorders. Furthermore, â€Å"Toddlers Tiaras† shows how children’s beauty pageants force girls to grow up too quickly, which is wrong, because children should be able to live a care-free, fun childhood without the stress and demands of adult life. In a different episode of the TLC reality show â€Å"Toddlers Tiaras,† eighteen-month-old Brystol finally becomes old enough to wear makeup and hair pieces in pageants. This episode shows Brystol being introduced to airbrush makeup, lipstick, and hair pieces. In yet another episode of the show, four-year-old Karley and six-year-old Kylie receive spray tans from their mother in preparation for pageants. When Karley and Kylie’s mother threatens to put the spray tan can away if Karley refuses to stand still for her spray, Karley throws a tantrum because she knew that the spray tan was cold, but she did not want her mother to put it away because she wanted to be â€Å"tan and beautiful. † All of these instances show how the beauty pageants that these young girls are put through by their mothers force them to grow up too quickly, because they show that the young girls are being forced by their parents to partake in activities normally fit for a much older woman. Usually we are told by our mothers to wait until we are in our teens before we wear makeup or get hair extensions. We are told that we are too young for skimpy outfits or spray tans. To see a baby getting makeup put on her in order to win a beauty pageant is sickening. In another episode of â€Å"Toddlers Tiaras,† four-year-old Maddy wears padding for fake breasts and butt in order to act as Dolly Parton for an upcoming pageant. In the same episode, two-year-old Paisley dresses as Julia Roberts in â€Å"Pretty Woman† wearing knee-high black boots, a skimpy cut-out dress, and wig. In an 80s themed pageant two-year-old Mia was dressed as Madonna, complete with cone-shaped bustier. Many of the young pageant girls are encouraged to wink, wiggle their hips, and blow kisses at the judges of pageants. Though they do not necessarily realize that these actions are seductive, this may be part of the problem. Deborah Tolman, Ed. D. , a Hunter College professor and author, explained that, â€Å"Focusing so much on how you look is problematic. Instead of focusing on how she feels – which is an important skill growing up – a girl learns to sexualize herself. Your body is a compass, and premature sexuality takes the arrow out of the compass† (Hollandsworth). A young woman needs to be able to discover her sexuality, limits, and mature slowly. Forcing her to become a sexual item causes a young girl to mature too quickly, not allowing her to discover who she is sexually. Forcing her to become a sexual item at such an early age, can make it feel like a normal thing, perhaps causing her to feel like she needs to be a sex item for the rest of her life in order to get what she wants and succeed. Some parents of young pageant queens argue that pageants are just games of â€Å"dress-up with mommy† that have more benefits, such as prizes, money, or titles. However, this excerpt from an article featured in â€Å"People† magazine explains that this is not the case: But child development experts point to a difference between playing dress-up and making a career out of it. Little girls are supposed to play with dolls, not be dolls, says Mark Sichel, a New York-based licensed clinical social worker, who calls the extreme grooming common at pageants a form of child abuse. Playing dress-up is normal and healthy, but when its demanded, it leaves the child not knowing what they want, he says. Accentuating their appearance with such accoutrements as fake hair, teeth, spray tans and breast padding causes the children tremendous confusion, wondering why they are not okay without those things (Triggs). There is a difference between putting a â€Å"pretty dress† on oneâ €™s daughter and oneself and having a tea party with dolls, and putting makeup, fake hair, breasts, and teeth onto one’s daughter make her into the doll in order to win prizes and money. Another argument is that children want to be in pageants, they are not forced. However, how can a few days’ old baby choose to be dressed up in frilly dresses and pranced around a stage? Children get their decisions made for them from birth by their parents until they grow old enough to make wise choices. However, if a child’s parents have her participating in beauty pageants since birth, the pageants become ritual and the child believes them to be part of everyday life. How is this giving a child free-will to choose whether or not to be a part of the glamorous world of pageantry? When the bad aspects of children’s pageants are combined, it seems that the big problem most people have with pageants is the sexualization of children. However, is the sexualization everyone is focused on really just the result of pageants? Peggy Orenstein, journalist and author of Cinderella Ate My Daughter: Dispatches From the Front Lines of the New Girlie-Girl Culture, does not think so. In 1996, when JonBenet was murdered, it was shocking for us to see a 6-year-old wearing lipstick and eye shadow. Now, market research studies have found nearly half of todays 6- to 9-year-olds are already using lipstick or lip gloss. Walmart launched a makeup line just for girls 8 to 12. Abercrombie Fitch marketed a padded push-up bikini top for 8-year-olds. Its easy to slam pageants, but maybe thats because no one wants to deal with the bigger picture, which is the daytoday sexualization of all our daughters. (Hollandsworth) Though the horrors of pre-maturity and eating disorders seem like enough reason to rid the country of children’s pageants, it seems that the sexualization of the children is the worst of it all. Not only could this cause problems for the girls later on in life, but it has potential as a form of child abuse. Works Cited Wonderlich, Anna, Diann Ackard, and Judith Henderson. Childhood Beauty Pageant Contestants: Associations With Adult Disordered Eating And Mental Health. Eating Disorders 13. 3 (2005): 291-301. Academic Search Premier. Web. 9 Nov. 2011. Triggs, Charlotte, Kay West, and Elaine Aradillas. Toddlers Tiaras TOO MUCH TOO SOON? (Cover Story). People 76. 12 (2011): 160-168. Academic Search Premier. Web. 9 Nov. 2011. HOLLANDSWORTH, SKIP. Toddlers In Tiaras. Good Housekeeping 252. 8 (2011): 150-194. Academic Search Premier. Web. 10 Nov. 2011. Lexton, Lauren, prod. Toddlers Tiaras. The Learning Channel. Winter 2009. Television. Giroux, Henry A. Nymphet Fantasies CHILD BEAUTY PAGEANTS AND THE POLITICS OF INNOCENCE. Social Text 16. 4 (1998): 31. Academic Search Premier. Web. 10 Nov. 2011. South Carolina Department of Mental Health. Eating Disorder Statistics. South C arolina Department of Mental Health. 2006. Web. 18 Nov. 2011. http://www. state. sc. us/dmh/anorexia/statistics. htm.